Turn to pgs 48-50
Treatment of Slaves.
Read the information about slavery in Roman times. Note that much of our information comes from Roman writers. This is true of much information about the past since records were kept in Latin in many countries for many centuries. The ability to read Latin gives access to these writings.

Turn to p51 Ch 11 "A Slave Runs Away".

Read the passage, using the vocabulary to help you understand.

Now translate the passage.

-THE GENITIVE ENDING

Now look at the sentences below:

canis in horto currit = The dog is running in the garden

To give more information about the dog, we might say:

canis puellae in horto currit = The dog of the girl

         pueri = of the boy

         patris = of the father

is running in the garden

Thus we can see there are 3 possible endings for the GENITIVE SINGULAR

ae        i             is

As with all other noun endings, there is also a PLURAL form

look at this sentence:
area est plena servorum et ancillarum et civium

The yard is full of slaves, maids and citizens.

So the full table is:

NB

1.The GENITIVE can be translated in 2 ways in English e.g. the dog of the girl/the girl’s dog. In the latter case "girl’s" was once girles, the old English genitive. The apostrophe indicates that the letter "e" has been dropped.

2.The GENITIVE is often found in a pair of nouns, the second of which is GENITIVE, so that the 2 nouns together form an inseparable phrase

e.g.

the eye of the storm

the heart of the matter

the name of the game

the dish of the day

a box of chocolates

3.The GENITIVE is also the ending which tells you to which group a noun belongs.

e.g. Look at these nouns taken from ER 1 p 73

ancilla, - ae (f)servant girl

The first word "ancilla" is the NOMINATIVE SINGULAR. The 2nd ending is the GENITIVE SINGULAR to make "ancillae". The "f" in brackets is the GENDER, namely FEMININE. And finally there is the meaning.

This information is summarised in ER1 Ch 11 p 52. See also Building up the Meaning 3 ER1 p54.

Do the worksheet labelled ER1 SUPP EXS CH 11.

*Turn to p56 Ch 12 Capture.
Read the passage using the vocabulary underneath to help you understand.

Now translate the passage.

1.THE ABLATIVE ENDING

a)You saw in Ch 9 that the ABLATIVE (ABL) is a special ending used with certain PREPOSITIONS (PREPS) to form PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (PP). Read POINTS TO NOTE Ch 9 if you do not recall this usage. Note that it is important to distinguish between ABL SINGULAR (SING) and ABL PLURAL (PL) when translating:

e.g.

IN AGRO = in the field
IN AGRIS = in the fields

EX URBE = from the city
EX URBIBUS = from the cities

CUM PUELLA = with a girl
CUM PUELLIS = with the girls

SUB ARBORE = under a tree
SUB ARBORIBUS = under trees

b) The ABL is also used in Latin by itself i.e. without a PREP. When no PREP is used in Latin, translate into English with the most suitable PREP, usually BY, WITH, FROM, IN, ON, AT. You have already met several examples.

eg

1 puella NOMINE Cornelia = a girl BY NAME Cornelia
(but this makes poor English, so we modify to) = a girl called Cornelia

2 Cornelii in villa AESTATE habitant = The Cornelians live in the villa IN SUMMER.

3. Davus Getam TUNICA arripit Sextus in riiivum cadit = Davus grabs Geta BY THE TUNIC.

4. EO IPSO TEMPORE Sextus in rivum cadit = AT THAT VERY MOMENT Sextus falls into the river.

5. servi MAGNA VOCE clamant = The slaves shout IN A LOUD VOICE/LOUDLY

2.NOUN ENDINGS

The Latin language follows a very specific set of rules. This actually makes it an easy language to understand. All you need to know is the set of rules, then remember to apply them. To help you with the rules you will find a table below showing the possibilities you have met so far for:

LATIN NOUN ENDINGS

(Note there is no set rule for the 3rd SUBJECT SINGULAR ending.)

You should now memorise this table so that you can visualise it in the form shown above.
This table also appears in ER1 p52.

3. Now here is a guide you may find helpful when you translate.

1)Find the VERB (V). It is usually at the end of the sentence.

2)Decide if the V is SING or PL.
This will help you to decide on the SUBJECT, which will be SING or PL with the VERB.

3)Find the OBJECT from the endings.
(Remember to translate it after the VERB).

4)Look for PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES. (P.P) Translate the words as a group.

5)Look for the SUBJECT. (S)
This has been left to the last because it can be the most difficult word to find in Latin.

6)Once you have established the functions of the different parts of the sentence,
translate into English, remembering the basic English WORD ORDER (SVO).

e.g.

eo ipso tempore pater cistas in area villae comspicit

(eO ipsO temporE) (pater) (cistAS) (in areA) (villAE) (conspiciT)

(all ABL endings) (S sing)(OBJ PL) (PP) (GEN) (V sing)

English W O - S V O

Father catches sight of trunks in the yard of the villa at that moment.

At that moment father catches sight of trunks in the yard of the villa.

(Note that English will tolerate changes in the position of PP)

magnam clamorem in silvis servi pertessiti subito audiunt

(magnAM clamorEM) (in silviS) (servi perterriti) subito (audiuNT)

(OBJ SING) (PP) (SUBJ PL) (V PL)

English W O = S V O

The terrified slaves suddenly hear the loud shout in the woods.

Suddenly the terrified slaves hear the loud shout in the woods.

("suddenly" can be put in a number of different places)

Ex 12a. Follow the instructions.

Ex 12b. Follow the instructions.

Ex 12c. Follow the instructions.

Memorise vocabulary pp 56, 57. Learn table of noun endings as shown in POINTS TO NOTE.

You may now choose to do the work sheet labelled ER1 SUPP EXS CH 12.

Turn to p. 60 Ch 13 "Disaster".

Read the passage, using the vocabulary to help you understand.

Ch 13 "Disaster", translate the passage.

Find the VERB file. Study the section called THE IMPERFECT TENSE and do the Exs provided.
See also ER1 pp 61 & 64.

Ex 13. Follow the instructions.

Do the worksheet labelled ER1 SUPP EXS 13.

Turn to p. 62, Ch 14 "Who is to Blame?"

Read the passage, using the vocabulary to help you understand.

Translate Ch 14 "Who is to Blame?"

You know that the endings on LATIN NOUNS change. These changes may show:

1) the number i.e. singular/plural

2) the gender i.e. masc/fem/neuter

3)the part they play in the sentence i.e. subject/object/ablative

Now we need to look at NEUTER NOUNS.

Two rules apply to NEUTER NOUNS:

1) the SUBJECT and OBJECT endings are the SAME

2)the SUBJECT and OBJECT PLURAL end in "A" or "IA"

Look at the examples:

A.
Corneilii iter faciunt
The Cornelians make a journey

S O V

B.
longum est iter
The journey is long

adj V S

In A "iter", journey is the OBJECT, SINGULAR

In B "iter", journey is the SUBJECT, SINGULAR

"iter" is a NEUTER NOUN

SEE RULE 1 ABOVE.

C.
vehicula ad urbem festinant
The vehicles hurry to the city.

S PP V

D.
pueri vehicula spectant
The boys watch the vehicles

S O V

In C "vehicula" is the SUBJECT PLURAL

In D "vehicula" is the OBJECT PLURAL

"vehicula" is NEUTER

SEE RULE 2 ABOVE

Below is a list of common NEUTER NOUNS

baculum-i (n) - stick	tempus-temporis (n) - time
vestigium-i (n) - track	nomen-nominis (n) - name
periculum-i (n) - danger	onus-oneris (n) - burden
auxilium-i (n) - help	opus-operis (n) - work
aedificum-i (n) - building	iter-itineris (n) - journey
caelum-i (n) - heaven
silentium-i (n) - silence
consilium-i (n) - plan

Ex 14. Translate

Learn vocabulary pp 62 and 63.
Learn rules and vocabulary for neuter nouns.
See also ER1 p65.

You may now choose to do the worksheet labelled ER1 SUPP.EXS.14.

Turn to p. 66, Ch 15 "Vehicle Spotting. "


Read the passage, using the vocabulary to help you.

Translate the passage.

Ex 15a. Translate

Ex15b. Follow the instructions.

You will find a passage of Latin at the end of the SUPPLEMENTARY EXS to allow you to practise translation with all the tenses you have met.

Memorise the vocabulary on p. 66. Learn the numbers on p. 67.

There are no supplementary Exs after this Ch.

Further practice is available in ER1 ch 16 and in the Additional Exs on pp 70 and 71,
with a Revision Ex on p72.

NB You still have to learn THE PERFECT TENSE in Latin. You will find the necessary information in the VERB file. Make sure you learn the PERFECT TENSE ENDINGS.

No new points arise in this chapter

Finally you must complete the Latin and English Exs which you will find in the LATIN & ENGLISH file.

EUGEPAE! (Excellent!)

You have now completed NATIONAL Unit one!
You should contact your tutor if wish to sit the final assessments and have your achievements recognised by SQA.

feliciter! (Good Luck!)

what next?

NATIONAL UNIT 2 OF COURSE!

Looking forward to working with you again!

vale!(goodbye!)