hearing a speaker, when an interpretation of the body language may be necessary to understand fully the overall communication; or in attending a dramatic performance and in viewing a film or television programme, when a consideration of visual elements is essential. In these guidelines, knowledge about the structure of language, its grammar, vocabulary and sounds, is seen as contributing to all four outcomes of language.


Purposes


A sense of purpose and audience gives speakers and writers greater control over their language and its effects. Grasping the purposes behind a piece of talk or writing helps listeners and readers make better sense of its meanings and assists them in measuring its success. Furthermore, the contexts in which language is expressed and received have a profound influence on any communication and its comprehension. A knowledge of the purposes for which people use language, in a rich variety of contexts, improves language skills and allows learners to gauge more effectively their own progress and achievements.

The purposes of language which are listed below are all to be regarded as important; they are not ranked in any order of priority. Language activities in schools will have the following purposes:


Listening

To obtain information and respond appropriately;
To establish relationships and interact with others;
To appreciate the feelings of others;
To reflect upon ideas, experiences and opinions;
To gain imaginative and aesthetic pleasure.

Talking

To convey information;
To establish relationships and interact with others;
To express feelings;
To present, share, clarify and reflect on ideas, experiences and opinions;
To give imaginative and aesthetic pleasure.

Reading

To obtain information and respond appropriately;
To appreciate the feelings of others;
To reflect upon ideas, experiences and opinions;
To gain imaginative and aesthetic pleasure.

Writing

To convey information;
To express feelings;
To order, clarify, record and reflect on ideas, experiences and opinions;
To give imaginative and aesthetic pleasure.


The four main outcomes of English language and their associated purposes have been taken into account in the statements of skills, understanding and knowledge that form the attainment targets in Section 2. They can also be used in two further ways: to plan, review and evaluate the design and teaching of English language to ensure balance and progression; and to provide a basic



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© The Scottish Office Education Department, June 1991